Afferent Pupillary Defect Grading

The presence of a relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) in a patient with suspected asymmetric optic nerve function is a valuable neuro-ophthalmic sign. Several different methods of quantification of the RAPD have been proposed of variable simplicity and reproducibility. We compared two techniques of RAPD grading: using neutral density filters (NDF), and a recently described variation of the swinging flashlight test (SFT)