Novel thioglycoside analogs of ?-galactosylceramide stimulate cytotoxicity and preferential Th1 cytokine production by human invariant natural killer T cells

Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells recognize glycolipid antigens bound to CD1d molecules on antigen-presenting cells. Therapeutic activation of iNKT cells with the xenogeneic glycolipid ?-galactosylceramide (?-GalCer) can prevent and reverse tumor growth in murine models, but clinical trials using ?-GalCer-stimulated human iNKT cells have shown limited efficacy. We synthesized a series of thioglycoside analogs of ?-GalCer with different substituents to the galactose residue and found that two of these compounds, XZ7 and XZ11, bound to CD1d-transfected HeLa cells and activated lines of expanded human iNKT cells. Both compounds stimulated cytolytic degranulation by iNKT cells and while XZ7 preferentially stimulated the production of the antitumor cytokine interferon-? (IFN-?), XZ11 preferentially stimulated interleukin-4 (IL-4) production. This biased T helper type 1 effector profile of XZ7 was also evident when iNKT were stimulated with dendritic cells presenting this glycolipid. Separate analysis of the responses of CD4+, CD8?+ and CD4?CD8? iNKT cells indicated that XZ7 preferentially activated CD8?+ iNKT cells, and to a lesser degree, CD4?CD8? iNKT cells. The partial agonist effect of glycolipid XZ7, inducing cytotoxicity and IFN-? production but not IL-4 production, indicates that specific protumour activities of iNKT cells can be abolished, while preserving their antitumor activities, by introducing structural modifications to ?-GalCer. Since XZ7 was much less potent than ?-GalCer as an iNKT cell agonist, it is unlikely to be superior to ?-GalCer as a therapeutic agent for cancer, but may serve as a parent compound for developing more potent structural analogs