Selected legal aspects of electricity production by hydro and wind power plants in the Republic of Slovenia

EU je kot odgovor na soočanje energetskega sektorja s številnimi izzivi, pripravila novi energetski sveženj »Čista energija za vse Evropejce«, s katerim so na novo postavljeni energetski cilji in ukrepi EU. Glavna cilja sta zagotavljanje energetske učinkovitosti ter povečanje energije pridobljene iz obnovljivih virov, pozornost pa je namenjena tudi nadaljnji izgradnji notranjega energetskega trga in delovanju energetske unije. Za učinkovito novo energetsko unijo bo potrebno obsežno preoblikovanje energetskih sistemov v (državah članicah) EU. Pri obnovi bodo igrali pomembno vlogo OVE, ki naj bi prispevali svoj doprinos k zagotovitvi zanesljive, varne in trajnostne oskrbe z (električno) energijo. Takšna energetska unija naj bi pripomogla h gospodarski rasti in povečanju delovnih mest ter na drugi strani k zmanjšanju emisij toplogrednih plinov in uresničevanju podnebnega načrta. Načrtuje se torej kombinacija gospodarskega in okoljevarstvenega napredka. Področje OVE trenutno urejata dve direktivi – Direktiva 2009/28/ES ter nova Direktiva (EU) 2018/2001, katero morajo države članice implementirati v nacionalni pravni red do 30. junija 2021. Nova direktiva določa novi zavezujoči cilj na področju OVE za leto 2030 v višini najmanj 32 % deleža OVE na ravni EU, vključuje podporo za vetrno in hidro energijo in prispeva k enostavnejšim upravnim postopkom. Glavna pomanjkljivost, s katerimi se soočajo nacionalni organi, je še vedno umeščanje elektrarn v prostor, predvsem z vidika varstva okolja. Še posebej občutljiva so območja Nature 2000, o čemer je odločalo SEU, na primer v zadevi C-2/10, Azienda Agro-Zootecnica Franchini Sarl, Eolica di Altamura Srl proti Regione Puglia, ter pri nas tudi VSRS, na primer v zadevi X Ips 244/2011 ter UPRS, na primer v zadevi I U 2589/2018-25. Električna energija je praktično neuporabna brez učinkovitega omrežja. Za takšno uspešno delovanje je potrebna zanesljiva infrastruktura in evropsko povezano omrežje. Direktiva (EU) 2018/2001 podpira vključitev OVE v prenosno in distribucijsko omrežje, saj je zanesljiva oskrba z električno energijo bistven element javne varnosti. Če želi EU doseči optimalno energetsko povezavo, bo morala vzpostaviti decentralizirano pametno omrežje in centralizirano super pametno omrežje. Decentralizacijo bi bilo po mnenju nekaterih mogoče doseči z uporabo nove tehnologije blockchain, ki obljublja varne ter transparentne sisteme. Vendar pa že pametna omrežja današnje generacije prinašajo določena tveganja, na primer z vidika varstva podatkov in varstva zasebnosti, kar bo treba urediti z ustreznimi predpisi in njihovim učinkovitim izvajanjem. V RS trenutna oskrba z električno energijo temelji predvsem na jedrski in hidro energiji ter na fosilnih virih. Ker pa je RS članica EU, je zavezana k energetskim ciljem povečanja deleža OVE. V skladu z zakonodajo EU bo morala natančno določiti cilje in ukrep za prihodnost, če bo želela doseči povečanje deleža OVE do leta 2030 za 32 %. Področje energetike v RS ureja EZ-1, ki bo moral implementirati novo Direktivo (EU) 2018/2001. Smiselno bi bilo sprejeti novi zakon o obnovljivih virih, ki bi OVE uredil formalno in finančno ter ločeno in specifično. RS ima veliko potenciala za povečanje OVE, vendar načrtovanje projektov pogosto naleti na težave z umeščanjem v prostor, predvsem z naravovarstvenega vidika. Na področju varstva okolja imajo pomembno vlogo nevladne organizacije, ki se borijo proti izgradnji HE in VE. Naravovarstveni in okoljski vidiki morajo biti ustrezno vključeni v opredelitev javnega interesa. Pri bodočem delovanju bo tako treba primerno upoštevati naravovarstvene in okoljske vidike, prav tako pa tudi druge relevantne vidike. Jasno je, da bo za uresničitev zanesljive, varne in zadostne energetske preskrbe ter nasploh za dostopnost energije treba v nekaterih primerih obremeniti okolje, saj popolnoma čiste energije za zdaj še nismo sposobni zagotoviti. Vendar pa morajo biti ti posegi sorazmerni in nasploh ustavno skladni.In response to many challenges in the energy sector, the EU has put together a new energy package »Clean energy for all Europeans,« which resets the EU’s energy objectives. The two main objectives are ensuring energy efficiency and increasing energy generated from renewable sources, with the focus on the internal energy market and ensuring a viable energy union. An effective energy union will require a major transformation of the energy systems in the EU (member states). RES will play an important role in the reform and contribute to ensuring a reliable and sustainable supply of (electric) energy. Such energy union is expected to contribute to economic growth and job creation and, on the other hand, reduce the greenhouse gas emissions and actualize the climate plan. A plan is to prepare a combination of economic and environmental progress. The area of RES is now regulated by two directives – Directive 2009/28/EC and the new Directive (EU) 2018/2001, which must be implemented into the national legal order by 30 June 2021. The new directive sets a new binding RES target for the year 2030 of at least 32 % of the EU RES share, includes support for wind and hydro energy and contributes to simpler administrative procedures. The main disadvantage the national authorities are facing is still the location of power plants, especially in terms of environmental protection. The Natura 2000 sites are particularly sensitive as ruled by the ECJ in Azienda Agro-Zootecnica Franchini Sarl, Eolica di Altamura Srl VS Regione Puglia, and also by the Slovenian Supreme Court in X Ips 244/2011 and Slovenian Administrative Court in I U 2589/2018-25. Electric energy is useless without the efficient grid. A successful operation requires a sound infrastructure and an interconnected European grid. The Directive (EU) 2018/2001 supports the integration of RES into the transmission and distribution network, as secure supply of electric energy is an essential element of public security. In order to achieve an optimal energy network, the EU will need to establish a decentralized smart grid and a centralized super smart grid. Decentralization can be achieved through the use of the new blockchain technology that promises secure and transparent systems. However, the smart grids of today \u27s generation have some risks, for example in terms of data protection and privacy, which will need to be addressed by appropriate regulations and their effective implementation. The current supply of electricity in the RS is based mostly on nuclear and hydro energy and fossil resources. However, as RS is an EU member state, it is committed to the energy objectives of increasing the share of RES. In line with the EU law, it will have to precisely set the future objectives and measures if it wishes to achieve the 32 % increase of RES share by 2030. The field of energy in RS is regulated by EZ-1, which will have to implement the new Directive (EU) 2018/2001. It would make sense to adopt a new law on renewable sources which would regulate the RES formally and financially as well as separately and specifically. The RS has great potential for increasing RES, but project planning often encounters problems with location, especially from an environmental perspective. Non-governmental organizations play an important role in the field of environmental protection as they are fighting against the construction of hydro and wind power pants. Environmental considerations must be properly incorporated into the definition of the public interest. Future action in this area will therefore need to take due account of environmental considerations and other relevant aspects. It is clear that in order to achieve a reliable, secure and sufficient energy supply, and in general for the energy availability, it will be necessary to put a strain on the environment, since we are not able to provide completely clean energy. However, these interventions must be proportionate and constitutionally consistent