Preporod železničkog putničkog saobraćaja u funkciji očuvanja životne sredine - savremeni železnički terminali

The goal of this paper is to identify the importance of railway passenger terminals as important factors related to sustainable traffic development. It is now easier to pinpoint the importance of activating railway systems to reduce pollution and traffic jams, once that the railroad traffic underwent transformation due to new technologies of high-speed trains. Constant expansion of railway networks for these trains, as well as comfortable and fast travel they offer, reduced the use of cars and are also taking over passengers who travel on relations between 500 and 1400 km from airlines. The abovementioned phenomena and facts also caused an extremely fast construction of modern railway terminals. With their functional concepts and shape solutions, they represent the paradigm of new railway station facilities. They are straightforward, materialized examples of the idea and imperative of merging all traffic systems in order to achieve more efficient and healthier functioning as related to the environment. In this regard, new-generation terminals are multi-model traffic interchanges, places where people switch modes of transportation, resulting in use of adequate transportation both on the regional level and the metropolitan level. These landmarks within the traffic network make it possible to emphasize the advantages of a certain traffic system, as well as to reduce its flaws, and reduce traffic jams and pollution by providing better propulsiveness. These points are formed on airport terminals, on intersections of important regional and main traffic lines in big cities. In this paper, special attention was dedicated to terminals in major cities, since they are the most complex - encompassing both systems of non-urban traffic and city transportation. On the other hand, these mega city structures have their specific features in cooperation with the urban matrix, unlike the incompatible old ones, which makes them even more important to the development of healthier cities. For 25 years, in major European cities, new railway terminals are being constructed and old, historical ones are being improved. This paper lists a number of demands that modern railway terminals have to fulfill regarding efficiency and environmental protection. Since the adoption of pass-through type terminals is of crucial importance, the paper lists not only their advantages in comparison to old, head type, but also the method used to exploit the concept of vertical content development. This superposition of content provides for easy transition from one method of transportation to another, as well as independent surfaces for movement for individual transportation systems, reduces the occupancy of city property and easily fits into a unique architectural form. In addition to characteristics and advantages regarding the broader context of the relation station-city, the paper presents specific features regarding the quality and comfort of specific terminals concerning good orientation, the presence of natural light, climate conditions of big voluminous spaces… Finally, the paper also notes the importance of architectural prevalence as part of the ambiance and the city as a whole.Težište ovog rada je u prepoznavanju značaja železničkih putničkih terminala kao važnog činioca politike vezane za održivi razvoj saobraćaja. Naglašavanje važnosti aktiviranja šinskih sistema u pogledu smanjenja zagađenosti i zastoja u saobraćaju, olakšava činjenica da je železnički saobraćaj doživeo preporod zahvaljujući novim tehnologijama vozova velikih brzina. Konstantno širenje mreže pruga za ove vozove, kao i komforno i brzo putovanje koje nude, smanjili su upotrebu putničkog automobila i preuzeli putnike na relacijama od 500-1400 km od avio saobraćaja. Navedene pojave i činjenice, uslovile su i munjevitu izgradnju savremenih železničkih terminala, koji svojim funkcionalnim konceptima i oblikovnim rešenjima predstavljaju paradigmu novih staničnih objekata. Oni su direktni, realizovani primeri ideje i imperativa o objedinjavanju svih saobraćajnih sistema kako bi se postiglo efikasnije i zdravije funkcionisanje po životnu sredinu. U tom smislu, terminali nove generacije su multimodalni saobraćajni interchange, presedalište sa jednog na drugi vid saobraćaja, kako bi se koristio adekvatan prevoz na regionalnom i na nivou grada. Ova markantna mesta u saobraćajnoj mreži omogućavaju da se potenciraju prednosti određenog saobraćajnog sistema, kao i da se umanje njegove mane, da se smanje zastoji i zagađenja obezbeđivanjem bolje propulzivnosti. Ovi punktovi se formiraju na aerodromskim terminalima, na mestu ukrštanja važnih magistralnih i regionalnih saobraćajnih tokova u velikim gradovima. U radu je posebna pažnja posvećena terminalima u metropolama, budući da su oni najkompleksniji objedinjavajući sisteme vangradskog saobraćaja i gradskog transporta. Sa druge strane, ove mega strukture grada imaju i posebnost u sadejstvu sa urbanim matricom, za razliku od nekompatibilnih starih, što ih čini još značajnijim za razvoj zdravijih gradova. U evropskim metropolama se četvrt veka grade novi i unapređuju stari, istorijski terminali. U radu su nabrojani zahtevi koje savremeni železnički terminali treba da zadovolje u pogledu efikasnosti i zaštite životne sredine. Kako je od presudnog značaja usvajanje prolaznog tipa terminala, nabrojane su ne samo prednosti ovih u odnosu na stare, istorijske čeonog tipa, već i na koji je način eksploatisan koncept razvoja sadržaja po vertikali. Ova superpozicija sadržaja omogućava lak prelazak sa jednog na drugi vid saobraćaja, obezbeđuje nezavisne površine kretanja za pojedinačne sisteme prevoza, smanjuje zauzetost gradskog zemljišta, lako se uklapa u jedinstven arhitektonski oblik. Osim karakteristika i prednosti vezanih za širi kontekst odnosa stanica-grad, prikazani su i posebnosti vezane za kvalitet i komfor terminala pojedinačno u pogledu dobre orijentacije, prisustva dnevnog svetla, klimatskih uslova velikih voluminoznih prostora... Konačno navedena je i važnost arhitektonske pojavnosti kao dela ambijentalne celine i grada u celini