Empirical and Conceptual Application of Self-Esteem: A Review of the Literature

For approximately a century, the topic of self-esteem has been an increasingly popular subject in academic writing and social work practice. This article discusses the findings from a review of 167 articles that either conceptually or empirically explored the topic of self-esteem. Findings indicated that self-esteem is not well operationalized, and its use in literature is inconsistent and ill-defined. A widely accepted definition and conceptualization of self-esteem has not been established; thus, corresponding measurement tools are varied in purpose and definition. Despite recognition of a poorly defined and measured concept, researchers have continued to measure self-esteem and have made causal inferences regarding assessment and intervention strategies. Consequently, this confusion leads to unreliable methods for assessment and intervention. Further research is needed to clarify the definition of self-esteem, create conceptual consensus amongst professionals, and determine more consistent implications for practice and future research