Variability analysis of the whole goat mitogenoma

Domestikacija koze (Capra hircus) započela je oko 11.950 godina prije sadašnjosti na području Bliskog istoka te se nastavila širiti po svijetu. Divlja vrsta koze (Capra aegagrus) smatra se pretkom modernih domaćih koza, čije se podrijetlo može pratiti pomoću mitohondrijske DNA. Mitohondrijska DNA prisutna je u svim tkivima te se može ekstrahirati iz arheo-uzoraka, a zbog specifičnog načina nasljeđivanja iste pogodna je za filogenetska istraživanja. Ciljevi ovoga rada su utvrditi filogenetske odnose za drevne (aDNA) i moderne mtDNA uzorke po haplogrupama te odrediti genetsku varijabilnost istih. Prikazom filogenetskih odnosa analiziranih uzoraka, potvrđeno je postojanje svih haplogrupa navedenih u literaturnim izvorima (A, B, C, D, F, G i T). Smještaj drevnih aDNA uzoraka po haplogrupama potvrđuje raspršenost drevnih (ancestor) jedinki te njihovu srodnost s modernom domaćom kozom. Na temelju grafičkog prikaza uzoraka na karti svijeta i prikazu Median-joining mreže, može se zaključiti da se domesticirana koza s područja Bliskog istoka počela širiti svijetom. Na temelju provedbe segmentacije skupa uzoraka moderne mtDNA i drevne aDNA zaključuje se da je ATP8 gen-kodirajući segment najvarijabilniji (11,6%) s raznolikošću 18 haplotipova, koja iznosi 0,614. Za točne provedbe daljnjih analiza, MitoToolPy program trebao bi se pravovremeno ažurirati s novo-otkrivenim haplogrupama.Domestication of goat (Capra hircus) began around 11,950 years before present in the Middle East from where has continued to spread throughout the world. The wild goat species (Capra aegagrus) is considered to be the wild ancestor of modern domestic goats, whose origin can be traced by mitochondrial DNA. Mitochondrial DNA is present in all tissues and can be extracted from archaeo specimens. Due to its specific mode of inheritance, it is suitable for phylogenetic studies. The aim of this study is to determine the location of ancient mitochondrial aDNA and modern mitochondrial DNA by haplogroups. Also, to determine their genetic variability. By presenting the phylogenetic relationships of the analyzed samples, the existence of all haplogroups listed in the literature sources (A, B, C, D, F, G and T) was confirmed. The placement of ancient aDNA samples by haplogroups confirms the dispersion of ancient (ancestor) individuals and their relationship with modern domestic goats. Based on the graphical representation of the samples on the world map and the representation on the Median-joining network, it can be concluded that the domestic goat started to spread worldwide from the Middle East. Based on segmentation of a set of samples of modern mtDNA and ancient mitochondrial aDNA, it is concluded that the ATP8 gene-coding segment is the most variable (11.6%) with a diversity of 18 haplotypes, which amounts to 0.614. To accurately perform further analyzes, the MitoToolPy program should be updated in a timely manner with newly discovered haplogroups