Energy level decay processes in Ho3+-doped tellurite glass relevant to the 3-µm transition

The primary excited state decay processes relating to the 5I6 --> 5I7 at 2.9 um laser transition in singly Ho3+-doped tellurite (TZBG) glass have been investigated in detail using time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. Selective laser excitation of the 5I6 energy level at 1151 nm and 5I7 energy level at 1958 nm has established that the rate of energy transfer up-conversion between holmium ions excited to the 5I7 level is negligible for Ho3+ concentrations up to 4 mol. %. Excited state absorption was not observed from either the 5I7 or 5I6 levels and the luminescence from the 5I7 and 5I6 energy levels was measured to peak at 2050 nm and 2930 nm, respectively. The 5I6 level has a low luminescence efficiency of 8.9% due to strong nonradiative multiphonon relaxation. In contrast, decay from the 5I7 level is essentially fully radiative. A linear decrease in the decay time of the 5I6 level with Ho3+ concentration augmentation results from energy transfer to OH ions in the glass (with NOH=8.2x10^17 ions cm^-3) and reduces the luminescence efficiency of the 5I6 level to 8% for [Ho3+]=4 mol. %. Numerical simulation of a fiber laser incorporating 4 mol. % Ho3þ showed that a population inversion of 7.8% is reached for square pulses of 100 us duration and a repetition frequency of 20 Hz at a moderate pump intensity of 418 kW cm^-2 if energy transfer to OH- radicals is neglected