Relationship between smoking habits of parents with nicotine values in the body of a child

Pandemija pušenja predstavlja globalni javnozdravstveni i gospodarski problem. Pasivno pušenje štetno djeluje na zdravlje drugih ljudi koji su posredno izloženi duhanskom dimu. Stoga su nedužni pasivni pušači u njihovoj blizini izloženi riziku oboljenja od svih pušačkih bolesti i posljedica. Najveće žrtve ipak su djeca koja su izložena duhanskom dimu, bolje rečeno žrtve pasivnog pušenja, jer ona ne mogu birati zrak koji udišu,prvenstveno u obitelji, a zatim i u okolini. Cilj ovog istraživanja je utvrditi povezanost pušačkih navika roditelja sa vrijednostima nikotina u tijelu djeteta. U cilju prikupljanja podataka izrađena je prikladna anketa koja je provedena u Dječjoj bolnici Srebrnjak na 100 roditelja-ispitanika, a paralelno kod njihove hospitalizirane djece proveden je kotininski test na 100 ispitanika kojim se objektivno utvrdila eksponiranost djece nikotinu kod pasivnog pušenja. Ispitanici su bili hospitalizirana djeca i roditelj u pratnji djeteta, a dobiveni podaci statistički su obrađeni kako bi se utvrdile moguće razlike s obzirom na spol, dob i razinu obrazovanja roditelja, socijalni status te značajnost povezanosti viših vrijednosti nikotina u tijelu djeteta s pušačkim navikama njihovih roditelja (jednog ili oba). Kriterij uključenja je bio da je barem jedan roditelj pušač. Rezultatima istraživanja je dobiveno da prema mjestu stanovanja općenito dominira gradska populacija, a također je vidljivo da je veći udio djece s negativnim kotinin testom u gradskom okruženju (75,38%), dok je u ruralnim sredinama veći udio djece bio izložen duhanskom dimu (51,43%), na razini statističke značajnosti (p=0.015). S obzirom na bračno stanje također je bilo statistički značajne razlike gdje je kotinin test bio značajno češće pozitivan kod djece čiji su roditelji rastavljeni. U istraživanju je uočena tendencija da postotni udio roditelja s visokom stručnom spremom pretežno manje izlaže djecu dimu cigareta, a dokazana je statistička značajnost kod djece roditelja s nižom razinom obrazovanja (p=0.041), što dokazuje da su djeca roditelja s nižom razinom obrazovanja su bila više izložena duhanskom dimu. Slično tome, prema dobivenim podatcima iz ankete, slabo materijalno stanje utječe značajno na navike pušenja (p=0.039), odnosno roditelji slabijeg materijalnog stanja više puše. Kod roditelja koji puše u prisustvu djece (88% i 87%), bilo da su u zatvorenom ili na otvorenom, obzirom na podatke nije bilo statističke značajnosti u odnosu na rezultate kotinin testa. Broj popušenih cigareta, broj pušačkih godina niti zabrinutost za štetne učinke na zdravlje sebe ili djece nemaju statistički značajnu razliku prema rezultatu kotinin testa (p=0.693, p=0.336, =0.812, p=0.748), ali se izdvaja podatak da ukoliko je partner ispitivane osobe pokušao prekinuti pušenje, postoji izrazito statistički značajna razlika u smislu da je kod djece kotininski test rjeđe bio pozitivan, što ukazuje na manju izloženosti djece duhanskom dimu (p=0,009). Istraživanjem je dokazano da nije bilo statistički značajne povezanosti između pušačkih navika roditelja i rezultata kotininskog testaThe smoking pandemic is a global public health and economic problem. Passive smoking has a detrimental effect on the health of other people indirectly exposed to tobacco smoke. Therefore, innocent passive smokers in their vicinity are at risk of becoming ill with all the smoking diseases and consequences. The biggest victims, however, are children who are exposed to tobacco smoke, or rather victims of secondhand smoke, because they cannot choose to breathe air primarily in the family and then in the environment. The aim of this study is to determine the association of parents' smoking habits with nicotine values in the child's body. In order to collect data, I conducted a suitable survey that I conducted at the Srebrnjak Children's Hospital per 100 subjects, and in parallel with hospitalized children, conducted a Kotina test on 100 subjects, which objectively determined the exposure of children to nicotine in secondhand smoke. The subjects were hospitalized children and their parents, and I statistically analyzed the data and identified possible differences with respect to gender, age and educational level of parents, social status, and the significance of the association of higher nicotine values in the child's body with their parents' smoking habits (one or both) The results of the study show that the place of residence is generally dominated by the urban population, and it is also evident that a higher proportion of children with a negative cotinine test are in the urban environment (75.38%), while in rural areas a higher proportion of children is exposed to tobacco smoke (51.43%), in our sample with statistical significance (p = 0.015). With regard to marital status, there were also statistically significant differences where the cotinine test was significantly more often positive in children whose parents were divorced. The study found a tendency that the percentage of parents with a university degree is predominantly less exposed to cigarette smoke, and statistical significance was found in the children of parents with a lower level of education (p = 0.041), which proves that the children of parents with a lower level of education were more exposed to tobacco smoke. Similarly, according to the survey data, poor material status significantly influences smoking habits (p = 0.039), that is, parents of lower material status smoke more. In parents who smoke in the presence of children (88% and 87%), whether indoors or outdoors, according to the data, there was no statistical significance with respect to the results of the cotinine test. Number of cigarettes smoked, number of smoking years, or concern for adverse effects on children the health of oneself or children do not have a statistically significant difference according to the cotinine test result (p = 0.693, p = 0.336, p = 0.812, p = 0.748), but the fact is that if the partner of the study person tried to quit smoking there is a statistically significant difference in the sense that the cotinine test was less positive in children, henceless exposure of children to tobacco smoke (p = 0.009). The study showed that there was no statistical significance between parents' smoking habits and the results of the cotinine test