Review of optimization strategies for system-level design in hybrid electric vehicles

The optimal design of a hybrid electric vehicle can be formulated as a multi-objective optimization problem that spreads over multiple levels (technology, topology, size and control). In the last decade, studies have shown that, by integrating these optimization levels fuel benefits are obtained, which go beyond the results achieved with solely optimal control for a given topology. Due to the large number of variables for optimization, their diversity, the nonlinear and multi-objective nature of the problem, a variety of methodologies has been developed. This review article presents a comprehensive analysis of the various methodologies developed and identifies challenges for future research. Starting from a general description of the problem, with examples found in the literature, we categorize the types of optimization problems and methods used. To offer a complete analysis, we broaden the scope of the search to several sectors of transport, such as naval or ground