Ultra-trace elements in human health: selenium, chromium, molybdenum, cobalt, boron and iodine

Essential ultra-trace elements have an essential role in many physiological processes, regulating enzymes and metabolic pathways, being fundamental for growth, development, muscle and nerve function, normal cellular functioning, and synthesis of some hormones and connective tissue. Nevertheless, excessive levels of these elements can also lead to health problems, as neoplastic diseases. Another field of interest, that has been capturing researcher’s attention for several years, is the possibility of development of pharmacologically active compounds base in these ultra-trace minerals, as anticancer, anti-inflammatories, antidiabetic or antimicrobial agents. This article aims to review the main effects of ultra-trace elements in human health, namely selenium, chromium, molybdenum, cobalt, boron and iodine, focusing on the physiopathology and consequences of deficiency and/or excess of these elements. Also, it offers an overview of research information published in recent years concerning the use of these metals in compounds that show promising pharmacological activities.