The role of hemostatic markers as venous stenosis or occlusion predictors following first transvenous cardiac device implantation

Background: Among patients with an implanted cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED), ipsilateral upper extremity vein stenosis or occlusion (VSO) is observed more frequently than in the general population. However, there are no data available concerning the relationship between hemostatic markers (and their dynamics) and the occurrence of VSO. The aim of this study was to assess the predictive value of beta-thromboglobulin, the von Willebrand factor (vWF), fibrynogen and D-dimer for VSO development among first time CIED recipients.Methods: This is a single-center, prospective study of consecutive first time CIED recipients without upper extremity VSO in baseline ultrasound examination. Biochemical data were collected from all the patients before CIED implantation (first measuring), up to 7 days subsequent (second measuring) and 6 months after the operation (third measuring). Primary endpoint was defined as the presence of upper extremity VSO at the implantation site during the ultrasound examination 6 months after the operation.Results: The study included 71 patients (mean age 73.1 ± 10.5 years; 39 [55%] male). The incidence of VSO within 6-months follow up was 21.1%. Average concentrations of hemostatic markers increased significantly in all patients immediately after CIED implantation. Serial hemostatic marker concentrations were similar in patients who met or did not meet the primary endpoint, apart from vWF. The mean concentration was significantly elevated in the group of 15 patients who reached the primary endpoint (p = 0.032).Conclusions: A significant increase in vWF concentration at 6 months post implantation may be a marker for VSO occurrence