This article reviews the ways indige-nous leadership has been described in the ethno-graphies of the multilingual ensemble of the UpperXingu (MT, Brazil). The analysis points out to anopposition between works that delineate a hierar-chical and centralizing socius and those that focuson what could be called centrifugal vectors of thelocal political process. Even considering that the-se different views could correspond in some way todifferent ethnographic realities – as in Carib andArawak perspectives, for instance - the oppositionis considered here mainly as a product of differenttheoretical premises. The aim of the present work isneither to elect the “truer” description, nor to pro-pose an alternative description of xinguano politics,but to...