The evolving context of Brazil’s environmental policies in Amazonia

The context of Brazil’s environmental policies has changed in multiple ways over the past two decades, some positive for the environment and others not. Positive changes include creation of a Ministry of the Environment and a system of environmental licensing, increased organization of civil society, creation of reserves and demarcation of indigenous areas, and the advent of international conventions on climate and biodiversity. However, development projects in Brazilian Amazonia have circumvented environmental restrictions in various ways, and past and present modifications to the system are weakening environmental protection. The current hostility of the political climate in Brazil in environmental matters makes efforts to strengthen environmental policies even more dependent on careful selection of strategies. Making the best of instability by being prepared for conservation opportunities is one method, as is the use of science and technology in relevant areas. Understanding the complex nature of Brazilian bureaucracy is essential in this process. The value of environmental services provided by maintaining Amazon forest could be a key element in determining the future of environmental policy and of the forest