運動会における体操的運動の変遷に関する一考察 : 教育時論に見られる運動会の事例を中心として

The purpose of this study was to arrange the basic items of Undokai (athletic meets) news publisched from the Meiji to Taisho eras, and was to clarify the siginificance of gymnastics in program of Undokai news and to find the tendency of change during the period. The author selected Undokai news from all journals of Kyoikujiron, and investigated age, date, name of event, type of participants and their number, host organization, purpose, program and kinds of exercises, time of event and so on. Especially gymnastics were surveyed for their arragement, kinds, timing and frequency in the event program. Changes in programs throughout the eras were clarified. Results of the study are summarized as follows : 1) Undokai\u27s were held from around the 20th year of Meiji in the form of "Rengo Undokai" (combined prefectur al units or country units), and in later years were held in the form of independent units. 2) Participation in Undokai were separated by groups-primary schools, junior-high schools, special schools, religious schools, foreign students, and, in addition, citizens, sick or wounded soldiers. There were also combinations of the above. 3) Although from the 19th to 30th year of Meiji Undokai\u27s were held in February, March, April, June, October, November, and from that time till the 4th year of Taisho they were held in October and November. The best season for Undokai were considered on April and autumn. 4) Undokai were held from 19th to 22th year of Meiji school grounds, parks, temple and shirines, seashore, military drill grounds and at the foot of mountains. 5) Number of participants for a large Undokai were arround a thousand or more between the 20th and 30th years of Meiji, although middle and smaller meets were also held. 6) Their length was between 4 and 9 hours (avg. 7 hours) and usually began at 8 : 00 am. and finished at 4 : 00 pm. 7) Event composition and types of exercises were gymnastics, play game, track and field event, ball games, mock fighting, etc. Although gymnastics were held in the majority of Undokai\u27s, it was not the most freguent event. Gymnastic content consisted of free-exercise and appratus gymnastics. Light gymnastics (normal gymnastics, dumb-bell exercise, marches and military gymnastics, corrective exercise, rope exercise and others) appeared from the 20th year of Meiji. 8) The majority of programs contained, in descending order-playgames, track and field, dance, and Material Arts. All primary school Undokai\u27s contained few gymnastic exercise, but did have light gymnastics. Although gymnastics had only a minor part in these meets in teacher\u27s colleges, in women\u27s colleges, dance and gymnastics were major features, and were dispersed throughout the programs