Modelling of precipitation hardening in alloys: effective analytical submodels for impingement and coarsening

To predict strength evolution of precipitation hardening alloys, a wide range of modelling approaches have been proposed. The most accurate published models are physics-based approaches which use both nanoscale processes with their related constants and parameters, as well as parameters calibrated to one or more macroscale measurements of yield strength of one or more samples. Recent developments in submodels including analytical expressions for volume fraction and size evolution including impingement and coarsening are reviewed. It is also shown that Kampmann-Wagner and JMAK models are generally not consistent with data on the progress of precipitations in the main precipitation hardening Al alloys systems, and improved model formulations are described