Development of Three-Dimensional Airport Design Methodology and Technology

Radom je predstavljen razvoj metodologie i programskog paketa za prostorno projektovanje aerodroma. Prvo je analizirana svaka od faza projektovanja aerodroma, počev od generalnog, preko idejnog, do glavnog i arhivskogprojekta. Aktivnosti procesa projektovanja organizovane su и strukturne dijagrame i posebno su istaknute one aktivnosti koje zahtevaju primenu specifičnog CAD paketa za geometrijsko projektovanje. Dok primena CAD-а и oblasti mašinskog inženjerstva uglavnom počiva na 3D solid model ima, dotle CAD paketi namenjeni projektovanju aerodroma i puteva uglavnom rade sa relativno izolovanim standardnim projekcijama; situacionim planom, poprečnim i poduznim profilom. Jedino se kompleksne povrsi, kao sto su ukrštaji poletno-sletnih i rulnih staza ili površinske i denivelisane putne raskrsnice, modeliraju TIN-om (Triangulated Irregular Network). Klasična primena TIN-a za rezultat cesto daje povrsi koje se loše odvodnjavaju i tesko izvode i postavlja izvesna proračunska ograničenja pri generisanju projektne dokumentacije. S druge strane, TIN-om se ne mogu modelirati zatvorene povrsi, kao sto su tunelske obloge i nadvožnjaci. Na osnovu analize procesa projektovanja postavljena je posebna metodologia prostornog projektovanja airside-a i landside-a i razvijene su dve grupe programa. Prvom grupom programa podržano je modeliranje objekata na nivou detaljnosti koje zahteva konkretan korak procesa projektovanja. Poletno-sletne i ruine staze, njihovi ukrštaji i površinske i denivelisane putne raskrsnice, kao i tuneli i nadvožnjaci, modeliraju se mrezama prostornih trouglova. Pri torn se mogli primeniti svi tipovi poprečnih profila, uključujući i takve detalje kao što su, na primer, slojevi kolovozne konstrukcije i drenaže. Posebnim procedurama podržano je modeliranje i editovanje ukrstaja i drugih povrsinskih objekata. Ovde se takođe mogu modelirati međusobni prodori kosina, ivičnjaci, kao i drugi prateći elementi. Razvijena je i softverska podrška za prostornu analizu zaštićenih zona aerodroma. Prema predloženoj metodologiji centralnu ulogu и procesu projektovanja ima integralni 3D model airside-a i landside-a. Drugu grupu programa dine softverski alati koji na osnovu prostorne analize ovakvog modela generisu grafičku i numeričku dokumentaciju projekta. Podužni profili i poprečni profili doslovce se isecaju sa modela. Тако se na primer, и sadržaju poprečnog profila može naći neograničen broj linijskih objekata, uključujući podzemne i nadzemne objekte. Na modelu se mogu generisati nivelacioni pianovi, a između različitih triangulisanih površi mogu se izvesti veoma precizni proračuni zapremina. Softver je razvijen и okruženju AutoCAD-а prema ADS/AutoLISP/DCL konceptu i nazvan je AeroCAD 3D. AeroCAD 3D sastoji se od svega 110 komandi ali и potpunosti pokriva geometrijsko projektovanje airside-a i landside-a aerodroma.Major aim of this work was to develop specific methodology and adequate CAD package for geometrical airport design in 3D. Each stage of airport design process, from master planning and conceptual design to working drawings, was analysed. Design process activities are organised in so called "structural diagrams" with emphasized activities where the application of specific CAD system for three-dimensional airport design would be justified. While 3D solid modelling plays the leading role in mechanical engineering, CAD packages for airport and road design are usually dealing with centerlines, cross and longitudinal sections. Complex surfaces like runway and taxiway intersections or at- grade and grade separated intersections are modelled using TIN (Triangulated Irregular Network). Classical TIN modelling often results in surfaces that are poorly drained and cannot be constructed and it puts some limitations on further calculations. On the other hand, closed surfaces, such as tunnels and overpasses, cannot be modelled using TIN. Based on airport design process analyses, specific methodology of airside and landside design in 3D was developed and two groups of programmes where written. First group supports the building of fully detailed 3D models. Runways, taxiways, intersections, roads, tunnels and overpasses are modelled by using 3D triangle as a basic element of discretization. Using specific template definition, any type of cross section, including pavement layers, drains and other details, can be applied. Special care was given to at- grade intersection design and other planar civil engineering facilities and specific procedures for intersection modelling and editing where developed. All acompanying elements, such as cut and fill intersecting slopes and curbs, can be modelled. Three- dimensional analysis of obstacle limitation surfaces is supported too. According to developed methodology, integral airside/landside 3D model plays the key role in the design process. Based on 3D model analyses, second group of programmes generates working drawings and calculates numerical data. Longitudinal and cross sections,comprising several runways, taxiways, roads etc., are literally "cut out" from 3D model. Grading plans can be generated on triangulated surfaces and highly accurate volume calculations between different triangulated surfaces can be carried out as well. Software was developed as an AutoCAD application by using ADS/AutoLISP/DCL concept and was named AeroCAD 3D. AeroCAD 3D consists of 110 commands only but it covers whole area of airside and landside geometrical design in 3D