This essay analizes the development, cultural politics and symbolism that lies beyond the substitution of the National Museum of Anthropology (branch of Spanish Cultures) into the Custom Museum. This resolution and the alleged reasons to get at this substitution point out several concepts which are worthwhile to be analized through an anthropological perspective: cultural diversity, a view of the past and the present, processes of change, ethnography and the use and representation of culture. In such a substitution there are meaningful ideological changes at different levels which point out not only to the cultural policy of a National Party but, more deeply, to new forms of life and thought of modern Spanish society, and tendencies, values...