Amniotic membrane applications for neural tissue engineering

The amniotic membrane is a lining along the inner aspect of the placenta that envelops a developing embryo (then fetus). This component is critical for the adequate growth and nutrition of the fetus and can greatly impact the viability of the fetus. This role in development has led scientists to explore its post-delivery uses in regenerative medicine. Specifically in this paper, current literature was reviewed to determine the applicability of amniotic membranes to neural tissue engineering. The amniotic membrane has been greatly characterized with respect to immune response (including inflammatory effects) and microbial influence. These preliminary characterizations of the amniotic membrane and its components (i.e. stem cells) demonstrated a promising future for clinical implementation. Some fields, such as cardiovascular and orthopedic research, have begun projects using either the amnion-derived stem cells or amniotic membrane as a central element in their research. Both elements have received extensive praise for their versatility and relatively easy implementation into multiple organs and systems in the body. In each of these systems, the amniotic membrane retained its optimal antimicrobial and anti-immunogenic characteristics. After researching the current applications, it was apparent that amniotic membranes could have a place in the future of neural tissue engineering whether it be axillary components (cerebral vessels or surrounding bone) or direct regeneration of nerves. The largest impediment was the lack of basic science understanding in neuroscience. As the specific mechanisms of normal brain behavior and disease states are uncovered amniotic membranes can be added to the pre-clinical testing for the neurological sciences. Similar to the other fields of medicine, amniotic membranes will be specifically useful due to their ability to not evoke an immune response, thereby mitigating the possibility of rejection and infection in the central nervous system. These elements are critical to the research in neurology. Overall, amniotic membrane research would be very valuable to neuroscientists and physicians when exploring the future of neural tissue engineerin