Acoustic and afterload evaluation of left ventricular assist devices

Background: Heart Failure is a serious condition with consequences not only for the individual patient but also for the society with a 5-year mortality rate of 45-60%, and a substantial economic burden. The estimated prevalence in Sweden is 2.2% and the age adjusted prevalence increases with higher age. The fundamental treatment for heart failure is pharmaceutical in combination with life-style changes, and physiotherapy. For patients with advanced heart failure, the use of long-term circulatory support can be an option as a bridge to transplantation, or as destination therapy. However, this treatment entails a risk of multiple adverse events. The incidence of pump thrombosis increased as a clinical problem in 2012 and the need for diagnostic methods were desired. The aim of this thesis was to develop and to evaluate the use of a mock loop circuit to study the acoustics of left ventricular assist devices, to evaluate different recording devices and to study the effect of afterload on pump function. Methods: Two different mock loops, with the possibility to insert artificial thrombus and to adjust preload and afterload were created to facilitate recording of the left ventricular assist devices. An iPhone/iPodTM was used as recording device since remote monitoring is desirable. The sounds from HeartMate IITM during different conditions were studied. The iPhone/iPod was evaluated in comparison to dedicated recording equipment, and the mock loop recordings to clinical situation. The sound from HeartMate 3TM was studied, compared between in vivo and in vitro recordings, and the use of an electronic stethoscope was evaluated. The impact of afterload on left ventricular assist devices was studied in a mock loop circuit with different changes in preload and afterload. Results: Mock loop circuit is a promising method to safely change the surrounding conditions as the pump is working. The sound from both HeartMate IITM and HeartMate 3TM can be recorded and analyzed in frequency and time domain. When inserting artificial thrombus in a HeartMate IITM the frequency spectrum is altered. The use of dedicated recording devices is superior to both electronic stethoscope and iPhone/iPodTM, but these handheld devices can be used in clinical settings. The recordings from mock loop circuit and patients appear similar for both HeartMate IITM and HeartMate 3TM. The flow of the devices is affected by the afterload. The HeartMate 3TM is more resistant to increased clot analogs within the pump. For both pumps, best efficacy is seen for clean circuits. The flow rate from the monitor might be misleading since the measured flow rate and the flow rate from monitor can differ due to surrounding conditions. The estimated flow might be adjusted by fitting a parabolic curve. Conclusion: The use of mock loop circuit to study both flow and sound under different conditions is valid. It is possible to record and study the sound from both HeartMate IITM and HeartMate 3TM. The sound holds information of pump function and appears similar in vivo and in vitro. All recording devices can be used, but dedicated equipment is superior to the more handheld devices, although these might have a function as a screening device. The flow measurement on the monitor might not be valid and optimization of fluid status and afterload can further increase pump efficiency