Evaluation of a paper by Guarnaccia et al. (2017) on the first report of Phyllosticta citricarpa in Europe

The Plant Health Panelreviewed the paper by Guarnaccia etal. (2017) and compared their findings with previous predictions on the establishment of Phyllostictacitricarpa. Four species of Phyllosticta were found by Guarnaccia etal. (2017) in Europe. P.citricarpa and P.capitalensis are well-defined species, with P.citricarpa recorded for the first time in Europe, confirming predictions by Magarey etal. (2017) and EFSA (2008, 2014, 2016) that P.citricarpa can establish in some European citrus-growing regions. Two new species P.paracitricarpa and P.paracapitalensis were also described, with P.paracitricarpa (found only in Greece) shown to be pathogenic on sweet orange fruits. Genotyping of the P.citricarpa isolates suggests at least two independent introductions, with the population in Portugal being different from that present in Malta and Italy. P.citricarpa and P.paracitricarpa were isolated only from leaf litter in backyards. However, since P.citricarpa does not infect or colonise dead leaves, the pathogen must have infected the above living leaves in citrus trees nearby. Guarnaccia etal. (2017) considered introduction to be a consequence of P.citricarpa having long been present or of illegal movement of planting material. In the Panel's view, the fruit pathway would be an equally or more likely origin. The authors did not report how surveys for citrus black spot (CBS) disease were carried out, therefore their claim that there was no CBS disease even where the pathogen was present is not supported by the results presented. From previous simulations, the locations where Guarnaccia etal. (2017) found P.citricarpa or P.paracitricarpa were conducive for P.citricarpa establishment, with number of simulated infection events by pycnidiospores comparable to sites of CBS occurrence outside Europe. Preliminary surveys by National Plant Protection Organisations (NPPOs) have not confirmed so far the findings by Guarnaccia etal. (2017) but monitoring is still ongoing. (c) 2018 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority