Niveles de plomo sanguíneo en madres y recién nacidos derechohabientes del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social Blood lead levels in newborn children and mothers covered by the Mexican Institute of Social Security

OBJETIVO: Establecer la relación entre el nivel de plomo sanguíneo materno (PSM) y el de sangre en cordón umbilical (PSC) al momento del parto, así como determinar los principales predictores del PSM en derechohabientes del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), en el Distrito Federal (D.F.). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio transversal en el que se reclutaron voluntarias con embarazo normoevolutivo y se les tomaron muestras de sangre al momento del parto, en cuatro hospitales del IMSS en el D.F., de 1991 a 1993. Se tomó, además, muestra de sangre de cordón umbilical. Los datos fueron analizados mediante regresión lineal simple y múltiple. RESULTADOS: Se estudiaron un total de 1 404 binomios madre-hijo; el promedio de edad de las madres fue de 25 años. La media de PSM fue 10.7 ± 6.5 µg/dl; no se encontraron variaciones significativas por hospital, edad o estado civil. Para el PSC la media fue de 10.4 ± 6.2 µg/dl. Por cada aumento en una unidad logarítmica de PSM, el PSC aumenta 0.62 (pOBJECTIVE: To establish the relation between maternal blood lead (MBL) and umbilical cord blood lead (CBL) levels during delivery, and to determine the major predictors for MBL in women covered by the Mexican Institute of Social Security (MISS), in Mexico City. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From 1991 to 1993, a cross-sectional study was conducted in four MISS hospitals, among normal pregnant women who volunteered to participate. Blood samples were taken from women and from the umbilical cord during delivery. Statistical analysis consisted of descriptive statistics and simple and multiple linear regression. RESULTS: A total of 1 404 mother-newborn pairs were studied. Mean maternal age was 25 years. MBL average was 10.7 ± 6.5 µg/dl; no significant differences were found by hospital, age, or marital status. Mean CBL was 10.4 ± 6.2 µg/dl. A log unit increase in MBL corresponded to a log increase of 0.62 in CBL (p< 0.01). Pearson's correlation was 0.61 (p< 0.01). The main predictors of MBL were: Use of lead-glazed ceramic (positively associated) and milk and orange juice intake (negatively associated). Forty-seven percent of mothers and 50 percent of the newborn babies had values higher than 10 µg/dl, and 578 of them had blood lead levels higher than their mothers. CONCLUSIONS: Further studies should be carried out in order to identify necessary interventions