Inhibition of leukemic cells by valproic acid, an HDAC inhibitor, in xenograft tumors

Zhihua Zhang,1 Changlai Hao,1 Lihong Wang,1 Peng Liu,2 Lei Zhao,1 Cuimin Zhu,1 Xia Tian31Hematology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde, Hebei Province, 2Department of Medical Oncology, Shijiazhuang Municipal No 1 Hospital, Hebei Province, 3Department of Medical Oncology, Rizhao Municipal People’s Hospital, Shandong Province, People's Republic of ChinaAbstract: The chimeric fusion protein, AML1-ETO, generated by translocation of t(8;21), abnormally recruits histone deacetylase (HDAC) to the promoters of AML1 target genes, resulting in transcriptional repression of the target genes and development of t(8;21) acute myeloid leukemia. Abnormal expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, especially p21, is considered a possible mechanism of the arrested maturation and differentiation seen in leukemia cells. A new generation of HDAC inhibitors is becoming an increasing focus of attention for their ability to induce differentiation and apoptosis in tumor cells and to block the cell cycle. Our previous research had demonstrated that valproic acid induces G0/G1 arrest of Kasumi-1 cells in t(8;21) acute myeloid leukemia. In this study, we further confirmed that valproic acid inhibits the growth of Kasumi-1 cells in a murine xenograft tumor model, and that this occurs via upregulation of histone acetylation in the p21 promoter region, enhancement of p21 expression, suppression of phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein, blocking of transcription activated by E2F, and induction of G0/G1 arrest.Keywords: valproic acid, acute myeloid leukemia, AML1-ETO, p21, E2