A Comparative Analysis of Healthy Cities and Adipura in Indonesia

Urban health problems are very complex and affected by many factors, ranging from social and economic to environment and living conditions. In the middle of the 1980s, WHO introduced a healthy city in Europe as a pilot project in response to a variety of urban problems including health. Then, in 1996 in Indonesia, the Ministry of Health and Home Affairs, began to develop healthy city programs including establishing a set of indicators to monitor improvements in urban health. However, in 1986, ten years before the notion of healthy city was known, the Indonesian State Ministry of Environment had recognised the Adipura ??? a clean cities program. Actually, the aims of both these programs are similar but have a different history and were established by different departments. They also bring with them different policies, indicators and implementation methods. Both the Healthy City and Adipura programs operate without any effort or coordination to assess their effectiveness. Thus, they seem to be overlapping, competing and causing confusion and also appear to cause inefficient resource use. \ud Based on an extensive literature review, in-depth interview, and document analysis, this paper compares and reviews the policies and existing indicators used by Healthy City and Adipura in order to facilitate a healthier environment. The analysis used to this study found that the programs have similar goals in addressing urban problems, but have different agendas and performance indicators and different stakeholders operating them. Therefore, building partnership and working together should be strengthened