Molecular hydrogen in the diffuse interstellar medium at high redshift

Physical conditions within DLAs can reveal the star formation history, determine the chemical composition of the associated ISM, and hence document the first steps in the formation of present day galaxies. Here we present calculations that self-consistently determine the gas ionization, level populations (atomic fine-structure levels and rotational levels of H_2), grain physics, and chemistry. We show that for a low-density gas (n10 cm^-3), a moderate radiation field (flux density one to ten times that of the background radiation of the Galactic ISM), the observed range of metallicity and dust-to-gas ratio reproduce all the observed properties of the DLAs that show H_2 absorption lines. This favors the presence of ongoing star formation in DLAs with H_2. The absence of detectable H_2 and C I absorption in a large fraction of DLAs can be explained if they originate either in a low-density gas or in a high-density gas with a large ambient radiation field. The absence of 21 cm absorption and C II* absorption will be consistent with the first possibility. The presence of 21 cm absorption and strong C II* without H_2 and C I absorption will suggest the second alternative. (Abridged