Non-hazardous solvent systems for processing perovskite photovoltaics

© 2016 The Authors. Published by WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim Replacing toxic solvents with nonhazardous solvents is one of the key challenges for industrial scale commercialization of thin film perovskite photovoltaics. Here, nonhazardous solvent/alcohol/acid systems are presented for the single-step deposition of pinhole-free perovskite layers with combined lead halide precursors of Pb(CH3CO2)2·3H2O, PbCl2, and CH3NH3I. Comparable performance to standard hazardous inks is achieved: devices with 15.1% power conversion efficiency are demonstrated and maintain 13.5% tracked for 5 min at maximum power point. Blade coated 4 cm2 solar modules fabricated with highest performing device ink attain 11.9% in power conversion efficiency.status: publishe