Direct visualization of vortex ice in a nanostructured superconductor

Artificial ice systems have unique physical properties that are promising for potential applications. One of the most challenging issues in this field is to find novel ice systems that allow precise control over the geometries and many-body interactions. Superconducting vortex matter has been proposed as a very suitable candidate to study artificial ice, mainly due to the availability of tunable vortex-vortex interactions and the possibility to fabricate a variety of nanoscale pinning potential geometries. So far, a detailed imaging of the local configurations in a vortex-based artificial ice system is still lacking. Here we present a direct visualization of the vortex-ice state in a nanostructured superconductor. By using scanning Hall probe microscopy, a large area with the vortex-ice ground-state configuration has been detected, which confirms the recent theoretical predictions for this ice system. Besides the defects analogous to artificial spin-ice systems, other types of defects have been visualized and identified. We also demonstrate the possibility to realize different types of defects by varying the magnetic field.status: publishe