China’s brick history and conservation: Laboratory results of Shanghai samples from 19th to 20th century

Fired bricks have been used for construction purposes in China for at least two thousand years. Since themid-19th century the manufacture of bricks has shifted from an old to a new system. The unique Chineseblue brick has been gradually replaced by the European red brick and other modern products. This studyfocuses on Shanghai as a representative city in that transitional period, aims at addressing the true con-dition of the modern changes in China’s brick history and the heritage today.The paper presents the first results of an interdisciplinary investigation. Fourteen brick samples andone sample of raw material were studied with regard to the mineralogical, petrographic, chemical, phys-ical, mechanical characteristics, and the maximum firing temperature. It also makes measurements of thepresented soluble salts in the altered brick samples.Preliminary conclusions are drawn with regard to three critical issues: the provenance of the bricks, thehitherto undocumented changes in the manufacturing technology, and the condition of the brick materialin terms of conservation.status: publishe