Coronal Heating & Solar Wind Acceleration by Drift Waves

© Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd. An alternative approach to the coronal heating problem, based on the theory of drift waves, has been proposed. The drift mode is the only mode that is able to survive the drastically different (collisional/collisionless) extremes in the different layers of the solar atmosphere. As a matter of fact, this mode is over stable, i.e. able to grow, in both of these extreme situations, and has been called the universally growing mode in the literature. In collisional plasma of the lower layers of the solar atmosphere, the drift mode grows due to the electron collisions and this can be described within the two-fluid model. In the collisionless coronal plasma, however, the mode grows due to a pure kinetic effect, viz. the electron resonance effect in the presence of a density gradient. It has been shown, with qualitative and quantitative arguments, that the drift waves have the potential to satisfy all coronal heating requirements. The basic ingredient required for the heating is the presence of density gradients in the direction perpendicular to the magnetic flux surfaces. The drift wave theory is well-established and has been explicitly verified experimentally in laboratory (fusion) plasmas, similar (hot, low-beta, highly conductive) to those in the solar atmosphere. In these circumstances, two mechanisms of the energy exchange and heating take place simultaneously: Landau damping in the direction parallel to the magnetic field, and stochastic heating in the perpendicular direction. The latter, in fact, is more effective on ions than on electrons, acts predominantly in the perpendicular direction, and heats heavy ions more efficiently than lighter ions. Moreover, for plasmas at a temperature of 1MK and beyond, the parallel wave field resulting from the drift waves exceeds the Dreicer field so that the bulk plasma species (primarily electrons) can be accelerated/decelerated by the wave in the parallel direction. In addition, this acceleration is more effective on the particles that are already more energetic, resulting in a distribution function considerably different from a Maxwellian, similar to the observed kappa-distribution in the outer solar atmosphere and in the solar wind.status: publishe