Metal complexes of pyridine-fused macrocyclic polyamines targeting the chemokine receptor CXCR4

The chemokine receptor CXCR4 acts as a key cell surface receptor in HIV infections, multiple forms of cancer, and various other pathologies, such as rheumatoid arthritis and asthma. Macrocyclic polyamines and their metal complexes are known to exert anti-HIV activity, many acting as HIV entry inhibitors by specifically binding to CXCR4. Three series of pyridopentaazacylopentadecanes, in which the pyridine ring is fused to zero, one, or two saturated six-membered rings, were synthesized by manganese(ii)-templated Schiff-base cyclization of triethylenetetramine with various dicarbonyl compounds. By evaluating these macrocyclic polyamines and their complexes with Mn(2+), Cu(2+), Fe(3+), and Zn(2+), we have discovered novel CXCR4-binding compounds. The MnCl2 complex of a new pentaazacyclopentadecane with one fused carbocyclic ring (11) was found to have the greatest potency as an antagonist of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 (IC50: 0.014 μM), as evidenced by inhibiting binding of CXCL12 to PBMCs (peripheral blood mononuclear cells). Consequently, this compound inhibits replication of the CXCR4-using (X4) HIV-1 strain NL4-3 in the TZM-bl cell line with an IC50 value of 0.52 μM and low cytotoxicity (CC50: >100 μM). In addition, 18 other compounds were evaluated for their interaction with CXCR4 via their ability to interfere with ligand chemokine binding and HIV entry and infection. Of these, the metal complexes of the two more hydrophobic series with one or two fused carbocyclic rings exhibited the greatest potency. The Zn(2+) complex 21 was among the most potent, showing that redox activity of the metal center is not associated with CXCR4 antagonist activity.crosscheck: This document is CrossCheck deposited related_data: Supplementary Information related_data: Crystal Structure Data copyright_licence: The Royal Society of Chemistry has an exclusive publication licence for this journal copyright_licence: The accepted version of this article will be made freely available in the Chemical Sciences Article Repository after a 12 month embargo period history: Received 27 July 2015; Accepted 25 August 2015; Accepted Manuscript published 25 August 2015; Advance Article published 4 September 2015; Version of Record published 20 October 2015status: publishe