Forest transitions in mountain areas: research challenges and some examples

The detection of forest transitions in mountain areas is being complicated by methodological challenges. The impact of humans on forest transition and ecosystem services is discussed based on examples in Ecuador and Vietnam. An example in Kampale (Uganda) explains the urban growth and the drivers and controlling factors of forest transition. A universal model that explains the spatial and temporal variability of forest transitions worldwide does not exist.In many cases forest transitions are the resultant of choices of individuals that make decisions based on perceived opportunities. These opportunities are steered by the biophysical environment, market accessibility, the policy framework,knowledge, way of living and traditions.status: publishe