This thesis discusses the realization of a new device for mesoscopic physics: the Josephson spectrometer. It consists of two Josephson junctions and relies on the Josephson effect to convert a DC voltage to microwave oscillations at frequencies up to 180 GHz. Absorption of the emitted photons is directly measured in the current-voltage characteristic of the spectrometer.The spectrometer is carefully designed in order to avoid exciting parasitic electromagnetic modes and to optimize the coupling to the device under test.The Josephson spectrometer is used to measure the spectra of four simple systems over a wide frequency range: a LC resonator mode around 150 GHz, the excitation of quasiparticles in a superconductor above 90 GHz, the plasma f...