This PhD thesis in the frame of CEA - ORANO Mining collaboration aimed at improving the sensitivity and precision of radiometric uranium measurements for mining exploration and exploitation, particularly for ore samples characterisation. Before explaining the development of new gamma spectrometry methods, a survey of nuclear measurement methods currently used in this field are presented as well as their limitations. The new proposed methods exploit uranium X-ray fluorescence in order to reduce measurement time and improve accuracy. Gamma radiation from radioactive isotopes of the natural uranium decay chain, such as 214Pb and 214Bi, create a large Compton scattering continuum beyond the K-absorption discontinuity at 115.6 keV, leading to X-...