Approche système pour la conception d'une méthodologie pour l'élicitation collaborative des exigences

This thesis treats the collaboration issues of design teams in the context of System Engineering (SE). Systems are more and more complex; their design requires the involvement of various skills, i.e., several stakeholders. This also involves team work between different stakeholders. Since this needs to be done correctly, it is necessary to define the methods required. In order to accomplish this, we were interested in collaboration that we considered more elaborated than simply group work. Indeed, collaboration is intended to be a group work that is better organized and structured, with clearly defined rules. To understand this problem more clearly, we were particularly interested in the process of identifying the needs of the system also called Requirements Engineering (RE), which is the first phase of the Engineering System. RE is a very complex process during which system requirements have to be defined based on needs from different stakeholders concerned in one way or another by the realization of the system. We make a distinction between the need that is the perception of a final user of the system, and the requirement that is the vision, in technical terms, that a designer or a developer has of the system. Indeed, requirement is the technical expression of a need and it will be recorded in the specifications book in order to be transferred to the system realization team. The process of needs collection and the transformation of these needs into technical requirements is critical and requires involvement of all stakeholders. As a result of this, we decided to adopt a collaborative approach to deal with the complexity of this process. Thus, in order to define the boundaries and scope of our research work, we made a literature review on RE. We have more focused on the phase of Requirements Elicitation, the first phase of RE, because it requires the committed participation of all stakeholders. Given the nature of the problem, we have distinguished two domains in which our research work is located: RE through Requirements Elicitation and Collaboration. We have thus adopted an approach in which we made the distinction between engineering and collaboration problems. In this context, we realized a state of the art on RE, in which we presented some existing works by comparing them to ours. We followed this by including other present day research on Collective Intelligence and Collaboration Engineering. We then proposed a methodology for Collaborative Requirements Elicitation. We separated the area of engineering from the area of collaboration by defining two types of processes: Requirements Engineering processes and Collaboration processes. Collaboration processes are defined using Collaboration Engineering based on engineering tasks. These are identified through the process provided by SE standards, namely the standard EIA-632. We also presented the tooling of the methodology and the results of the empirical studies we made.La présente thèse porte sur la collaboration dans la conception d'un système dans un cadre Ingénierie Système (IS) et plus spécifiquement, nous nous sommes intéressés à la phase de définition des besoins du système ou processus d'Ingénierie des exigences, qui est la toute première phase dans l'Ingénierie Système. L'Ingénierie des Exigences est un processus assez complexe au cours duquel les exigences qu'un système doit satisfaire sont définies à partir de besoins provenant des différentes parties prenantes concernées de près ou de loin par la réalisation du système. Nous faisons la distinction entre le besoin qui est la perception qu'un utilisateur final a du système et l'exigence qui est la vision en termes techniques qu'un concepteur ou un développeur a du système. Le processus d'élicitation des besoins et de leur transformation en exigences techniques est un travail assez critique et demande l'implication de toutes les parties prenantes. Sur la base de ce constat, nous avons adopte une approche collaborative pour traiter la complexité de ce processus. Etant donne la nature du problème, nous avons distingue deux domaines de définition de nos travaux : l'Ingénierie des Exigences à travers l'Elicitation des Exigences et la Collaboration. Nous avons ainsi adopte une démarche dans laquelle nous faisons la distinction entre les problèmes d'Ingénierie et ceux de la collaboration. Nous proposons une méthodologie pour l'Elicitation Collaborative des exigences qui distingue deux types de processus : les processus d'Ingénierie des exigences et les processus de collaboration. Les processus de collaboration sont définis à l'aide de l'Ingénierie de la Collaboration en s'appuyant sur les taches d'Ingénierie identifiées aux travers de processus d'Ingénierie fournis par des normes, en l'occurrence la norme EIA-632. Des expérimentations de notre méthodologie ont été réalises avec des étudiants en utilisant l'outil ThinkTank de GroupSystems et un prototype de spécification c ollaborative des exigences appelé SPECJ que nous avons développé