On the molecular and morphological evolution of continental and insular Cryptorchestia species, with an additional description of C. garbinii (Talitridae)

WOS: 000443457300002PubMed ID: 30275725Semi-terrestrial talitrid amphipods of the genus Cryptorchestia (sensu Lowry and Fanini 2013) associated with freshwater-soaked leaf litter were known to occur in inland lakes of Turkey and at the shores of the Black Sea. Before 2013 they had been reported as Orchestia cavimana and later as Cryptorchestia cavimana. In our phylogenetic tree, inferred from a mitochondria] and nuclear gene dataset (cytochrome oxidase I (COI), and histone H3 (H3), respectively), we show that these Turkish populations belong to Cryptochestiagarbinii, a common and widespread continental species, which is closely related to C. cavimana (endemic to Cyprus) and C. ruffoi (endemic to Rhodes). For the Turkish and European populations of C. garbinii, we found low levels of both genetic differentiation and morphological variation, and an age-related size variability (increasing at each moult) of the small lobe in the male gnathopod I merus, the main taxonomically diagnostic character for Cryptorchestia. A mainland (C. garbinii) versus insular isolation and in situ speciation (C. cavimana, and C. ruffor) in the two east Mediterranean islands of Cyprus and Rhodes is discussed in relation to terrestrial Cryptorchestia species endemic to North East Atlantic volcanic islands (Azores, Canary Islands, and Madeira). The incorporation of five Mediterranean and Atlantic Orchestia species in the Bayesian analysis of the two genes (COI, and H3) indicated that both genera Orchestia and Cryptorchestia are not monophyletic.Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, ItalySapienza University RomeWe like to thank Roberta Salmaso (Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy) for her help in assembling the material and pictures. Specimens of Orchestia aestuarensis from Kent, England, and Cryptorchestia guancha from Zapata and Ijuana, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain, were kindly provided by Dave Wildish and Pedro Oromi, respectively. We also thank Paulo Borges (Universidade dos Acores, Terceira, Acores, Portugal) and his research team for the specimens of undescribed Cryptorchestia taxa from Flores and Graciosa (Acores). Cristiana Serejo (Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazsil) and Jim Lowry (Australian Museum, Sydney) provided constructive comments that improved the paper. The costs for the molecular analysis were supported by Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy