Mapping and characterization of salt affected and waterlogged soils in the Gangetic plain of central Haryana (India) for reclamation and management

Visual and digital analysis of IRS LISS III multi-temporal data was used for identification and delineation of sodic soils and waterlogged areas in the Gangetic plain of Central Haryana. Field validation and laboratory analysis for physical and chemical properties facilitated development of map legends. High values for spectral reflectance were observed from salty surfaces, and higher energy absorption in visible and infrared bands suggested the identification of strongly sodic soils and surface waterlogging. The mixed spectral signatures for salt, scattered crop covers and waterlogging were authenticated by field investigation. Saturation of Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 salts in soil and ground water caused alkalization and low soil productivity. Fine soil texture and the presence of concretionary calcium carbonate layer at subsurface depths tended to produce waterlogging. Sodic soils and sodic water can be reclaimed with suitable amendments such as gypsum or pyriteIRS LISS III Resource SAT data (2005-07) was integrated with ground truth and soil studies for delineation and characterization of salt affected and waterlogged soils in the Indo-Gangetic plain of central Haryana. The quality appraisal for salty ground water was also conducted prior to its use for irrigation. Such studies are useful for planning reclamation and management of salt affected soils and poor quality ground water. Strongly sodic soils were easily identified based on the white to yellowish white tones, high spectral and low NDVI values. Waterlogged areas (surface ponding) were detected based on higher absorption in infrared range. Sodic soils with poor quality ground water showed higher reflectance from dry salts during June and freshly precipitated moist salts in March and October. Sodic soils irrigated with normal ground water showed higher cropping density and higher NDVI values. Moderately and slightly sodic soils showed mixed spectral signatures for salt crusts, moderate cropping density and surface wetness. Soil profile studies indicated higher moisture content at sub-surface depths. The presence of iron Downloaded by [Central Soil Salinity Research Inst] at 00:18 27 July 2016 and manganese mottles indicated the incidences of water stagnation. Soils with high pHs, ESP and SAR values and showing the dominance of carbonate and bicarbonates of sodium in the saturation extract indicated sodic nature. Significant presence of CaCO3 concretions at 1 m depth, low organic carbon contents, clay illuviation at sub-surface depth are typical features in sodic soil profiles. Water samples with high pH and SAR values and at places high RSC (Residual Sodium Carbonate) content indicated their sodic nature. Gypsum application is recommended for the reclamation of sodic soils and sodic water