This thesis work contributes to our understanding of the fine scale oceanic signals in the tropics, that are the focus of attention for the future altimeter mission SWOT. These fine scales concern meso and submesoscale due to ocean dynamics (eddies, filaments) and internal waves such as the barocline or internal tide. Fines scales are important source of ocean mixing. Meso and submesoscale reflect turbulent dynamic associated with energy cascades giving rise to sea surface height or eddie kinetic wavenumber spectrum slope. The observed altimetric sea surface height spectral slope evaluated in the band 250-70 km are very flat in the tropics. They disagree with turbulence theories and with sea surface height spectral slope of the numerica...