Deriving subject and antisubject orientation

This paper investigates subject and antisubject orientation in Hindi-Urdu. We argue that the locus of these two binding constraints is Voice0, the functional head responsible for binding the anaphoric possessor apnaa, wherein the binder of apnaa must raise to [Spec, VoiceP]. Subject orientation reduces to the locality of A-movement. Antisubject orientation is the result of a preference to use the anaphor apnaa whenever possible. We show that this proposal extends to dative–nominative structures, where the complementarity of subject and antisubject orientation for anaphors and pronouns breaks down. Finally, we examine speaker variation of quantifier binding with uskaa in dative–nominative structures.