Building and Using a Lexical Knowledge-base of Near-Synonym Differences

Choosing the wrong word in a machine translation or natural language generation system can convey unwanted connotations, implications, or attitudes. The choice between near-synonyms such as error, mistake, slip, and blunder — words that share the same core meaning, but differ in their nuances — can be made only if knowledge about their differences is available. We present a method to automatically acquire a new type of lexical resource: a knowledgebase of near-synonym differences. We develop an unsupervised decision-list algorithm that learns extraction patterns from a special dictionary of synonym differences. The patterns are then used to extract knowledge from the text of the dictionary. The initial knowledge-base is later enriched with information from other machine-readable dictionaries. Information about the collocational behavior of the near-synonyms is acquired from free text. The knowledge-base is used by Xenon, a natural language generation system that shows how the new lexical resource can be used to choose the best near-synonym in specific situations. 1. Near-synonyms Near-synonyms are words that are almost synonyms, but not quite. They are not fully inter-substitutable, but vary in their shades of denotation or connotation, or in the component