Hybrid Intelligent Systems: Evolving Intelligence in Hierarchical Layers

Introduction In recent years, several adaptive hybrid soft computing [27] frameworks have been developed for model expertise, decision support, image and video segmentation techniques, process control, mechatronics, robotics and complicated automation tasks. Many of these approaches use a combination of di#erent knowledge representation schemes, decision making models and learning A. Abraham: Hybrid Intelligent Systems: Evolving Intelligence in Hierarchical Layers, StudFuzz 173, 159--179 (2005) www.springerlink.com c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2005 strategies to solve a computational task. This integration aims at overcoming the limitations of individual techniques through hybridization or the fusion of various techniques. These ideas have led to the emergence of several di#erent kinds of intelligent system architectures [15]. It is well known that intelligent systems, which can provide human-like expertise such as domain knowledge, uncertain reasoning, and adaptation t