Are Lexical Meaning and Context Sufficient for Determining Indexical Reference?

this paper, I discuss his view that lexical meaning and context are sufficient for determining the reference of what he calls "pure indexicals" (e.g., 'I,' 'here,' and 'now'). He developed this view in his ([Kaplan, 1989b]) early paper, "Demonstratives," and retained it in his ([Kaplan, 1989a]) later paper, "Afterthoughts," even though the later one contains a substantial change in his view of the role of demonstrations in determining reference