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Use of controlled vocabularies has been shown to provide benefits for search and discovery and to enable access via browsing and navigation. In the context of repositories, the addition of controlled vocabularies to repository content might be used as basis for effective layering of a subject view (or aggregation) over institutional repositories. Vocabulary control aims to reduce the ambiguity of natural language when describing and retrieving items. The semantic relationships in structured Knowledge Organisation Systems (KOS) provide pathways to connect a searcher with an indexer or author’s choice of terminology and to facilitate mapping and semantic interoperability between different information systems. The semantic structure can also provide guidance to an indexer in deciding what aspects or facets to index. However, there are costs associated with use of controlled vocabularies – manual indexing is a significant resource, especially when performed by trained indexers. Social tagging applications, such as Flick