Cities are the spaces of the interaction between social, physical, political, and economic entities, which makes planning and intervening in such systems difficult. Urban systems are complex adaptive systems in that their behaviours are often the result of the interaction of their components. The growth of urban systems is driven by mass urbanization. Their complexity is the result of interactions between its constituent systems and components. Simulations and models as tools of exploration of urban systems face many challenges to be useful tools for intervening. Throughout the past decades, the use of simulation models focused on providing tools for managing functions and systems within metropolitan and urban environments. The cognizance o...