Assessing wastewater processes at oil refinery industry in Kazakhstan

This paper presents the first attempt to assess the wastewater treatment processes at the oil refinery sector in Kazakhstan and evaluate to what extent these processes follow international and national regulations regarding industrial waste water treatment. The assessment was performed considering wastewater discharge from refining processes at three factories in the country. While Kazakhstani environmental regulation promote the polluter pay principle and follow WHO guidelines, oil refinery factories in Kazakhstan still exceed the permissible concentration of pollutants in discharged wastewater. The national regulation allows discharge of wastewater to natural or artificial ponds by not exceeding the pollutant concentrations already existing in the pond. Therefore, the factories use ponds with already high concentration of pollutants, consequently allowing discharge of high concentration of pollutants (total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) exceeds concentration by 30-80 times, ammonia (NH4+) by 25 times, total dissolved solids (TDS) by 6 times, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) by 6 times and surfactants by 5 times) to pond. The reason for the initial high pond concentration is a result of a time gap between the start of pollution discharge by the factories and start of the environmental regulations. This leads to no incentive to treat wastewater in an efficient way. Additionally, the national law lacks regulations regarding detailed methodology to assess the pollutant substances in the discharged wastewater. Thus, the assessment by environmental authorities for each oil refinery is negotiated separately between the factory and the governmental body, giving the factory a strong position to define the parameters assessing the wastewater. As such, none of the factories provides analyses of, e.g., heavy metal contamination in discharged wastewater. TPH concentration in wastewater is often exceeded at each factory and there is no analysis done for different hydrocarbon fraction. Consequently, it is strongly recommended to provide a unified and transparent methodology for the country ́s oil refinery industry to assess all important pollutants in discharged wastewater and to include all types of hydrocarbon fractions