Impact of irrelevant deformations on thermodynamics and transport in holographic quantum critical states

We study thermodynamic and transport observables of quantum critical states that arise in the infrared limit of holographic renormalization group flows. Although these observables are expected to exhibit quantum critical scaling, there are a number of cases in which their frequency and temperature dependences are in apparent contradiction with scaling theories. We study two different classes of examples and show in both cases that the apparent breakdown of scaling is a consequence of the dependence of observables on an irrelevant deformation of the quantum critical state. By assigning scaling dimensions to the near-horizon observables, we formulate improved scaling theories that are completely consistent with all explicit holographic results once the dependence on the dangerously irrelevant coupling is properly accounted for. In addition to governing thermodynamic and transport phenomena in these states, we show that the dangerously irrelevant coupling also controls late-time equilibration, which occurs at a rate parametrically slower than the temperature 1 / τ eq ≪ T . At very late times, transport is diffusion-dominated, with a diffusivity that can be written simply in terms of τ eq and the butterfly velocity, D ∼ v 2 B τ eq . We conjecture that in such cases there exists a long-lived, propagating collective mode with velocity v s , and in this case the relation D = v 2 s τ eq holds exactly in the limit τ eq T ≫ 1 .The work of R. A. D. was supported by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation EPiQS Initiative through Grant No. GBMF#4306, the STFC Ernest Rutherford Grant No. ST/R004455/1, and by the STFC consolidated Grant No. ST/P000681/1. The work of S. A. G. was supported by the Delta-Institute for Theoretical Physics that is funded by the Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (OCW). B. G. has been partially supported during this work by the Marie Curie International Outgoing Fellowship nr 624054 within the 7th European Community Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013 and by the European Research Council under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grants No. 341222 and No. 758759)