モンゴル帝国時代のインド洋貿易：特にKīsh商人の貿易活動をめぐって

From the earliest times the sea routes across the Indian Ocean were of equal importance to the overland routes across the Eurasian Continent in the East-West international traffic and commerce, the two, cross-sea and overland, always functioning together as one system, mutually complementing and coexisting. The nomads in control of the inland routes would, therefore, sometimes take over the harbors connecting the two kinds of routes and thence spread their power overseas with the aim of establishing a complete cycle of trade and traffic routes.The Indian Ocean and its shores were, historically speaking, from very ancient times a single “Indian Ocean World” which was formed through frequent movements of men, exchanges between cultures and their contacts and fusions. Even after the Abbasid power declined in the second half of the tenth century, therefore, the Persian Gulf route as well as the Red Sea route continued to play an important role in the traffic and trade over the Indian Ocean.Kīsh (Qais), a small island in the Persian Gulf, prospered in the eleventh to thirteenth centuries thanks to the activity of its seafaring traders. The ruling class of Kish consisted of three elements: al-Jāshū, a faction of the nomadic al-Shawānkāra; the seafarers Qayṣar, al-Sawāmili and Na‘īm from Sīrāf; and the pearl-divers Banū al-Ṣaffāf. The rulers of Kīsh owned trading settlements at Sumnāt, Kanbāya, Kullam, Kāyal and other ports in Southern India and were appointed supervisors of trade affairs and foreign residents (wazīr, marzbān) by the princes of the Hindu Pandyā Dynasty. The commercial prosperity of Kish, as well as that of Hurmuz, was based on the vast profit gained from the trade of the Arabian and Persian horses exported to the Hindu dynasties of Southern India. This horse trade was also remarkable as it caused a rapid growth of māppiḷḷa, the Muslim communities formed at the South-Indian ports. Pearls, slaves, spices, medicines and dates were counted among the merchandise that were handled at Kish