清朝中期の畿輔旗地政策（1）：特に雍正・乾隆年間の制度上にあらわれた旗地の崩壊防止と旗人の救済に関する政策を中心として

Ch’ing 淸 Dynasty, after it moved to Chinese mainland from Manchou 滿洲, established banner lands 旗地 in Ch’i-fu 畿輔 (provinces under direct control of the government) in the districts around Peking 北京. By and by, however, there appeared among banner-men 旗人 those who raised money from civilians on their banner lands at the end of K’ang-hsi 康熙 Period. This was the first sign of the ruin of the banner lands in Ch’i-fu. In Yung-chêng 雍正 and Ch’ien-lung 乾隆 Periods Ch’ing Dynasty began to put into practice various policies to meet this situation.The writer divides these policies into two categories:(1) policies the focus of which is on the prevention of the ruin of the banner land system itself, and(2) policies the focus of which is on the relief of needy banner-men.In this article (I) only the first category is treated. Among the policies in the first category the following three ones are prominent:(1) a policy that was practiced in Yung-chêng Period, to strengthen the government control of banner fief 旗莊地 for the prevention of the ruin of banner land and to educate banner-men,(2) a policy to repurchase those banner lands that had been sold to civilians, and to secure ownership and the right of using, and(3) a policy to manage a part of the lands as government property and have it cultivated by tenants, on whom impose taxes and reserve a part of the collected taxes for rewards to poor banner-men.These policies, however were not enough to prevent the ruin of the banner land system though they were of some use to mitigate it