The adoption of thermosiphon powered, ground level phosphine application systems in Australia.: Presentation

Safe storage of grain on Australian farms requires a sealable silo to exclude grain insects and enable effective fumigation to avoid the development of insect resistance to phosphine. A sealable silo must also be fitted with a pressure relief system that allows air to enter the silo rapidly, to avoid damage to the silo fabric, in the event of a sudden temperature drop and subsequent contraction of the internal atmosphere. The most effective pressure relief system allows air into the headspace by a pipe attached to the silo wall, which is connected to an oil bath valve at ground level to facilitate servicing. The oil bath valve prevents grain insects entering and will allow air to bypass when the internal pressure exceeds or falls below 30 – 40 Pascals. The addition of a pipe connecting the headspace pipe to the base of the silo creates a gas recirculation loop. Ambient temperature influences the air within the external pipe and Thermosiphon currents are created, circulating the internal atmosphere. In 2004, a silo manufacturer in Western Australia proposed such a recirculation loop adding an aluminium phosphide (AlP) reaction chamber into the circuit at ground level. A ground-level application system removes the need to climb the silo, making fumigation simpler and safer. Initial experiments in 2005 revealed that the phosphine gas would be extracted from the reaction chamber by Thermosiphon air movement, without building to dangerous concentrations. Seven silo manufacturers across Australia have adopted the Thermosiphon recirculation system linked to a ground level AlP reaction chamber, producing nearly 12,000 transportable silos of 80 – 100t capacity in that period. The development of the recirculation system and effectiveness of Thermosiphon gas distribution is discussed in this paper.Safe storage of grain on Australian farms requires a sealable silo to exclude grain insects and enable effective fumigation to avoid the development of insect resistance to phosphine. A sealable silo must also be fitted with a pressure relief system that allows air to enter the silo rapidly, to avoid damage to the silo fabric, in the event of a sudden temperature drop and subsequent contraction of the internal atmosphere. The most effective pressure relief system allows air into the headspace by a pipe attached to the silo wall, which is connected to an oil bath valve at ground level to facilitate servicing. The oil bath valve prevents grain insects entering and will allow air to bypass when the internal pressure exceeds or falls below 30 – 40 Pascals. The addition of a pipe connecting the headspace pipe to the base of the silo creates a gas recirculation loop. Ambient temperature influences the air within the external pipe and Thermosiphon currents are created, circulating the internal atmosphere. In 2004, a silo manufacturer in Western Australia proposed such a recirculation loop adding an aluminium phosphide (AlP) reaction chamber into the circuit at ground level. A ground-level application system removes the need to climb the silo, making fumigation simpler and safer. Initial experiments in 2005 revealed that the phosphine gas would be extracted from the reaction chamber by Thermosiphon air movement, without building to dangerous concentrations. Seven silo manufacturers across Australia have adopted the Thermosiphon recirculation system linked to a ground level AlP reaction chamber, producing nearly 12,000 transportable silos of 80 – 100t capacity in that period. The development of the recirculation system and effectiveness of Thermosiphon gas distribution is discussed in this paper