Determination of Antibiotic Resistance in Selected Clinical Bacterial Isolates.

The antibiotics field was initiated when Paul Ehrlich first coined the term ‘magic bullet’, or chemotherapy, to designate the use of antimicrobial compounds to treat microbial infections. In 1910, Ehrlich discovered the first antibiotic drug, Salvarsan, which was used against syphilis. Ehrlich was followed by Alexander Fleming, who discovered penicillin by accident in1928. Then, in the 1935, Gerhard Domagk discovered the sulfa drugs, thereby paving the way to the discovery of the anti-TB drug Isoniazid. Then, in 1939 Rene Dobos became then first scientist to discover an antibiotic after purposely looking for it in soil microbes. Dubos discovered Gramicidin, which is still used today to treat skin infections. Finally, in 1943, the first TB drug, Streptomycin, was discovered by Selman Waksman and Albert schatz. Waksman was also the one who coined the term ‘antibiotics’. Thus, antibiotics have been used to treat bacterial infections since the 1940(Ying Zhang Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen that causes human infection; and they showed high resistant to most antibiotic (ampicillin, chloromphenicol), Transformation process results derives us to conclude that all genes responsible for antibiotic resistant in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus from the findings of this study, This has been attributed to either the ability of these organisms to produce resistance mechanisms, for this the characterization of plasmid DNA of P.aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus isolates indicated that these two isolates transfer to another bacteria, in present study to E. coli DH5" strain