Soil-to-plant transfer factors of stable elements and naturally occurring radionuclides: (1) Upland field crops collected in Japan

In long-term dose assessment models for radioactive waste disposal, an important exposure pathway to humans is via ingestion of contaminated foods. In order to obtain soil-to-plant transfer factors (TFs) of radionuclides under equilibrium conditions, naturally existing elements were measured as analogues of radionuclides. Crops grown in upland fields and associated soil samples were collected from 62 sampling sites throughout Japan. The total concentrations of 52 elements in the crops and 54 elements in the soil samples were measured. The TFs of 40 elements (Li, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Y, Mo, Cd, Sn, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Ho, Er, Pb, Th and U) were calculated on dry weight basis.Among all the TF data, K showed the highest TF with a geometric mean (GM) of 2.1, followed by P. GMs of TFs for rare earth elements, Th and U were on the order of 10-4. Most of the TF-GMs for green vegetables were higher than GMs of all crops for the elements. The obtained TFs of some elements for green vegetable and potato were compared with those in the technical report series-364 (TRS-364) compiled by IAEA in 1994. TF-GMs were usually lower than the best estimates (expected values) listed in TRS-364; however, GMs of TF for La and TF for Th observed for potato were slightly higher than expected values