Dynamics of dissolved nutrients in the aquaculture shrimp ponds of the Min River estuary, China: Concentrations, fluxes and environmental loads

Dissolved inorganic nutrients (NO2--N, NO3--N, NH4+-N, and PO43--P) play a critical role in the effective management ofwater quality and prevention of fish and shrimp diseases in aquaculture systems. In this study, dissolved inorganic nutrient concentrations in the water column and sediment porewater, and the fluxes across the sediment-water interface (SWI) were investigated in three intensive shrimp ponds with zero water exchange to examine nutrient cycling during the different growth stages of shrimps. Distinct changes in the dissolved inorganic nutrient concentrations in both the water column and sediment porewater were observed among the three growth stages. Average NO2--N, NO3--N, NH4+-N, and PO43--P concentrations in the sediment porewater were 3.53, 2.81, 29.68, and 6.44 times higher, respectively, than those in the water column over the study period, indicating that the pond sediment acted as a net source of nutrients to the water column. This was further supported by the net release of nutrients from the sediments to the water column observed during the incubation experiment. Nutrient fluxes were dominated by NH4+-N, while NOx--N (NO2--N and NO3--N) and PO43--P fluxes remained low. The high rates of NH4+-N release from the sediment highlight the need of taking into account the biogeochemical role of sediments in mitigating the problem of water quality degradation in coastal shrimp ponds. Based on a total water surface area of mariculture ponds and a total mariculture production of 2.57 x 10(6) ha and 2.30 x 10(9) kg, respectively, we estimated conservatively that approximately 4.77 x 10(4) tons of total nitrogen and 3.75 x 10(3) tons of total phosphorus are being discharged annually from the mariculture ponds into the adjacent coastal zones across China. Results demonstrated the importance of aquaculture pond effluent as amajor contributor ofwater pollution in the coastal areas of China, and called for actions to properly treat these effluents in alleviating the eutrophication problem in the Chinese coastal zones. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Funding Agencies|National Science Foundation of China [41671088]; Study-Abroad Grant Project for Graduates of the School of Geographical Sciences [GSABGP201601]; Graduated Student Science and Technology Innovation Project of the School of Geographical Science, Fujian Normal University [GY201601]; Swedish Council VR; Linkoping University; European Research Council ERC [725546]